Article
10 Programming Languages Side by Side (JS, Python, Ruby, PHP, GO, Rust, Dart, C Sharp, Java, Ballerina)
Using the below you can see the basics of 10 different languages. For most of these langauges you should be able to try them out by generating a REPL.
How to print text to the console#
One of the first things you need to learn in any language is how to print text in the console. Being able to print text to console allows us to...
- print the value of variables to check that they have the right values
- print the return values of functions so we can make sure they return the right value
- be used just to print text to confirm parts of our code are running
Javascript#
console.log("Hello World")Python#
print("Hello World")Ruby#
puts "Hello World"PHP#
<?php
echo "Hello World";
?>GO#
import fmt
func main(){
fmt.Println("Hello World")
}Rust#
fn main(){
print!("Hello World");
}Dart#
void main(){
print("Hello, World!");
}C Sharp#
using System;
namespace HelloWorldApp {
class HelloWorld {
static void Main(string[] args){
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
}
}
}Java#
class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello, World");
}
}Ballerina#
import ballerina/io;
public function main() {
io:println("Hello World");
}Declaring Variables#
Storing data to use is pivotal in programming. Data is generally stored in variables that we declare. These variables can hold data like numbers, strings and booleans (true/false).
Javascript#
let number = 5
let str = "Hello"
let bool = true
console.log(number, str, bool)Python#
number = 5
string = "hello"
boolean = True
print(number, string, boolean)Ruby#
num = 5
str = "Hello"
bool = true
puts num, str, boolPHP#
<?php
$num = 5;
$str = "Hello";
$bool = true;
echo $num;
echo $str;
echo $bool;
?>GO#
import fmt
func main(){
num := 5
str := "Hello"
boolean := true
fmt.Println(num, str, boolean)
}Rust#
fn main(){
let num = 5;
let string = "Hello";
let boolean = true;
print!("{0} - {1} - {2}", num, string, boolean );
}Dart#
void main (){
var number = 5;
var string = "hello";
var boolean = true;
print(number, string, boolean);
}C Sharp#
using System;
namespace MyProgramApp {
class MyProgram {
static void Main(string[] args){
int num = 5;
string str = "Hello";
bool boolean = true;
Console.WriteLine(num);
Console.WriteLine(str);
Console.WriteLine(boolean);
}
}
}Java#
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args){
int num = 5;
String str = "Hello";
boolean bool = true;
System.out.println(num);
System.out.println(str);
System.out.println(bool);
}
}Ballerina#
import ballerina/io;
public function main(){
int num = 5;
string str = "Hello";
boolean bool = true;
io:println(num);
io:println(str);
io:println(bool);
}
Collection arrays and key/value pairs#
Usually you have two main collections you'll use most of the time.
Arrays/Lists that will be used to store data in an order that is referenced by a zero based index
A key/value pair structure by which you can reference different values based on a key.
Javascript#
const myArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
const myObject = { name: "Alex Merced", age: 35 }
console.log(myArray)
console.log(myObject)Python#
my_list = [1,2,3,4,5]
my_dictionary = {"name": "Alex Merced, "age": 35}
print(my_list)
print(my_dictionary)Ruby#
my_array = [1,2,3,4,5]
my_hash = {name: "Alex Merced", age: 35}
puts my_array
puts my_hashPHP#
<?php
$my_array = [1,2,3,4,5];
$my_associative_array = ["name" => "Alex Merced", "age" => 35];
var_dump($my_array);
var_dump($my_associative_array);
?>GO#
import fmt
func main(){
my_slice := []int{1,2,3,4,5}
my_map := map[string]string{"name":"alex merced", "age":"35"}
fmt.Println(my_slice)
fmt.Println(my_map)
}Rust#
use std::collections::HashMap;
fn main(){
let my_array = [1,2,3,4,5];
let mut my_hashmap = HashMap::new();
my_hashmap.insert("name", "Alex Merced");
my_hashmap.insert("age", "35");
println!("{:?}", my_array);
println!("{:?}", my_hashmap);
}
Dart#
void main (){
final my_list = [1,2,3,4,5];
final my_map = {"name": "Alex Merced", "age":"35"}
print(my_list);
print(my_map);
}C Sharp#
using System;
using System.Collections;
namespace MyProgramApp {
class MyProgram {
static void Main(string[] args){
int[] my_array = {1,2,3,4,5};
Hashtable my_ht = new Hashtable();
my_ht.Add("name", "Alex Merced");
my_ht.Add("age", "35");
Console.WriteLine(my_array);
Console.WriteLine(my_ht);
}
}
}Java#
import java.util.*;
class MyProgram {
public static void main(String[] args){
int[] my_array = {1,2,3,4,5};
Hashtable my_ht = new Hashtable();
my_ht.put("name", "Alex Merced");
my_ht.put("age", "35");
System.out.println(my_array);
System.out.println(my_ht);
}
}Ballerina#
import ballerin/io;
public function main(){
int[] my_array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
map<string> my_map = {
"name": "Alex Merced",
"age" : "35"
};
io:println(my_array);
io:println(my_map);
}
Defining Function#
Functions allow you define blocks of code you can run on-demand. Pivotal to any programming language! There are two steps:
declare/define the function
call/invoke the function
Javascript#
function helloWorld() {
console.log("Hello World")
}
helloWorld()Python#
def hello_world():
print("Hello World")
hello_world()Ruby#
def hello_world
puts "Hello World"
end
hello_worldPHP#
<?php
function helloWorld(){
echo "Hello World";
}
helloWorld();
?>GO#
import fmt
func helloWorld(){
fmt.Println("hello world")
}
func main(){
helloWorld()
}Rust#
fn hello_world(){
println!("Hello World");
}
fn main(){
hello_world();
}Dart#
void hello_world(){
print("Hello World");
}
void main(){
hello_world()
}C Sharp#
using System;
namespace MyProgramApp {
class MyProgram {
static void Main(string[] args){
HelloWorld();
}
static void HelloWorld(){
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
}
}
}Java#
class MyProgram {
public static void main(String[] args){
hello_world();
}
public static void hello_world(){
System.out.println("Hello, World");
}
}Ballerina#
import ballerina/io;
function hello_world(){
io:println("Hello World");
}
public function main(){
hello_world();
}